Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review

Fallah Hashemi; Stephanie Young; Hassan Hashemi; Tiina Leiviskä; Leila Shafea; Marjan Hajivand; Babak Pouladi Borj

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review

Fallah Hashemi

, Stephanie Young

, Hassan Hashemi^*

, Tiina Leiviskä

, Leila Shafea

, Marjan Hajivand

, Babak Pouladi Borj

Published in American Journal of Water Science and Engineering (Volume 10, Issue 4)

Received: 22 September 2024 Accepted: 23 October 2024 Published: 12 November 2024

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Abstract

Oil and gas refineries are highly water-intensive industrial settings, with effluent containing a significant level of pollution stemming from diverse organic and inorganic compounds. Besides adhering to discharge standards for industrial effluent, incorporating treated oil refinery effluent (ORE) into the production cycle can play a pivotal role in curbing water consumption. In recent years, there has been research into different approaches to reclaiming ORE. Yet, selecting treatment methods that are technically, economically, and environmentally effective is crucial to preventing resource waste. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the last two decades of literature on methods and technologies used for ORE treatment. Based on the inclusion criteria, the final screening included 82 studies, with acceptable agreement assessed using Cohen's inter-examiner kappa equal to 0.86. The included studies were of biological treatment (n = 27), physicochemical processes (n = 12), advanced purification processes (n = 16), membrane-based technologies (n = 15), and green technologies (n = 13). This comprehensive review showed that the advanced membrane-based techniques are effective in the removal of pollutants from ORE for several reasons, such as reducing the consumption of chemicals, high efficiency, and ease of setup and maintenance. However, combined methods with a focus on membrane-based processes (e.g. UF-RO) are the most promising options for the reclamation of ORE. Since some effluent treatment methods require the use of chemicals and energy to run, future research should focus on environmentally friendly methods and the use of renewable energy.

Published in	American Journal of Water Science and Engineering (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12
Page(s)	87-107
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Oil Refinery Effluent, Reclamation and Reuse, Wastewater Treatment, Systematic Review

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Hashemi, F., Young, S., Hashemi, H., Leiviskä, T., Shafea, L., et al. (2024). Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 10(4), 87-107. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12

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ACS Style

Hashemi, F.; Young, S.; Hashemi, H.; Leiviskä, T.; Shafea, L., et al. Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review. Am. J. Water Sci. Eng. 2024, 10(4), 87-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12

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AMA Style

Hashemi F, Young S, Hashemi H, Leiviskä T, Shafea L, et al. Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review. Am J Water Sci Eng. 2024;10(4):87-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12,
  author = {Fallah Hashemi and Stephanie Young and Hassan Hashemi and Tiina Leiviskä and Leila Shafea and Marjan Hajivand and Babak Pouladi Borj},
  title = {Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review
},
  journal = {American Journal of Water Science and Engineering},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {87-107},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajwse.20241004.12},
  abstract = {Oil and gas refineries are highly water-intensive industrial settings, with effluent containing a significant level of pollution stemming from diverse organic and inorganic compounds. Besides adhering to discharge standards for industrial effluent, incorporating treated oil refinery effluent (ORE) into the production cycle can play a pivotal role in curbing water consumption. In recent years, there has been research into different approaches to reclaiming ORE. Yet, selecting treatment methods that are technically, economically, and environmentally effective is crucial to preventing resource waste. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the last two decades of literature on methods and technologies used for ORE treatment. Based on the inclusion criteria, the final screening included 82 studies, with acceptable agreement assessed using Cohen's inter-examiner kappa equal to 0.86. The included studies were of biological treatment (n = 27), physicochemical processes (n = 12), advanced purification processes (n = 16), membrane-based technologies (n = 15), and green technologies (n = 13). This comprehensive review showed that the advanced membrane-based techniques are effective in the removal of pollutants from ORE for several reasons, such as reducing the consumption of chemicals, high efficiency, and ease of setup and maintenance. However, combined methods with a focus on membrane-based processes (e.g. UF-RO) are the most promising options for the reclamation of ORE. Since some effluent treatment methods require the use of chemicals and energy to run, future research should focus on environmentally friendly methods and the use of renewable energy.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review

AU  - Fallah Hashemi
AU  - Stephanie Young
AU  - Hassan Hashemi
AU  - Tiina Leiviskä
AU  - Leila Shafea
AU  - Marjan Hajivand
AU  - Babak Pouladi Borj
Y1  - 2024/11/12
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12
T2  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
SP  - 87
EP  - 107
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1875
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12
AB  - Oil and gas refineries are highly water-intensive industrial settings, with effluent containing a significant level of pollution stemming from diverse organic and inorganic compounds. Besides adhering to discharge standards for industrial effluent, incorporating treated oil refinery effluent (ORE) into the production cycle can play a pivotal role in curbing water consumption. In recent years, there has been research into different approaches to reclaiming ORE. Yet, selecting treatment methods that are technically, economically, and environmentally effective is crucial to preventing resource waste. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the last two decades of literature on methods and technologies used for ORE treatment. Based on the inclusion criteria, the final screening included 82 studies, with acceptable agreement assessed using Cohen's inter-examiner kappa equal to 0.86. The included studies were of biological treatment (n = 27), physicochemical processes (n = 12), advanced purification processes (n = 16), membrane-based technologies (n = 15), and green technologies (n = 13). This comprehensive review showed that the advanced membrane-based techniques are effective in the removal of pollutants from ORE for several reasons, such as reducing the consumption of chemicals, high efficiency, and ease of setup and maintenance. However, combined methods with a focus on membrane-based processes (e.g. UF-RO) are the most promising options for the reclamation of ORE. Since some effluent treatment methods require the use of chemicals and energy to run, future research should focus on environmentally friendly methods and the use of renewable energy.

VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Fallah Hashemi

Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6012-2585
Stephanie Young

Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, Regina, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, Regina, Canada

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-4017
Hassan Hashemi

Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-3885
Tiina Leiviskä

Chemical Process Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-0060
Leila Shafea

Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5954-4561
Marjan Hajivand

Energy and Environment Faculty, Niroo Research Institute (NRI), Tehran, Iran

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0009-0384-3402
Babak Pouladi Borj

Research and Development Department, South Pars Gas Complex (SPGC), Asaluyeh, Iran

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4435-0275

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Hashemi, F., Young, S., Hashemi, H., Leiviskä, T., Shafea, L., et al. (2024). Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 10(4), 87-107. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12

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ACS Style

Hashemi, F.; Young, S.; Hashemi, H.; Leiviskä, T.; Shafea, L., et al. Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review. Am. J. Water Sci. Eng. 2024, 10(4), 87-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Hashemi F, Young S, Hashemi H, Leiviskä T, Shafea L, et al. Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review. Am J Water Sci Eng. 2024;10(4):87-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12,
  author = {Fallah Hashemi and Stephanie Young and Hassan Hashemi and Tiina Leiviskä and Leila Shafea and Marjan Hajivand and Babak Pouladi Borj},
  title = {Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review
},
  journal = {American Journal of Water Science and Engineering},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {87-107},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajwse.20241004.12},
  abstract = {Oil and gas refineries are highly water-intensive industrial settings, with effluent containing a significant level of pollution stemming from diverse organic and inorganic compounds. Besides adhering to discharge standards for industrial effluent, incorporating treated oil refinery effluent (ORE) into the production cycle can play a pivotal role in curbing water consumption. In recent years, there has been research into different approaches to reclaiming ORE. Yet, selecting treatment methods that are technically, economically, and environmentally effective is crucial to preventing resource waste. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the last two decades of literature on methods and technologies used for ORE treatment. Based on the inclusion criteria, the final screening included 82 studies, with acceptable agreement assessed using Cohen's inter-examiner kappa equal to 0.86. The included studies were of biological treatment (n = 27), physicochemical processes (n = 12), advanced purification processes (n = 16), membrane-based technologies (n = 15), and green technologies (n = 13). This comprehensive review showed that the advanced membrane-based techniques are effective in the removal of pollutants from ORE for several reasons, such as reducing the consumption of chemicals, high efficiency, and ease of setup and maintenance. However, combined methods with a focus on membrane-based processes (e.g. UF-RO) are the most promising options for the reclamation of ORE. Since some effluent treatment methods require the use of chemicals and energy to run, future research should focus on environmentally friendly methods and the use of renewable energy.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review

AU  - Fallah Hashemi
AU  - Stephanie Young
AU  - Hassan Hashemi
AU  - Tiina Leiviskä
AU  - Leila Shafea
AU  - Marjan Hajivand
AU  - Babak Pouladi Borj
Y1  - 2024/11/12
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12
T2  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
SP  - 87
EP  - 107
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1875
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12
AB  - Oil and gas refineries are highly water-intensive industrial settings, with effluent containing a significant level of pollution stemming from diverse organic and inorganic compounds. Besides adhering to discharge standards for industrial effluent, incorporating treated oil refinery effluent (ORE) into the production cycle can play a pivotal role in curbing water consumption. In recent years, there has been research into different approaches to reclaiming ORE. Yet, selecting treatment methods that are technically, economically, and environmentally effective is crucial to preventing resource waste. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the last two decades of literature on methods and technologies used for ORE treatment. Based on the inclusion criteria, the final screening included 82 studies, with acceptable agreement assessed using Cohen's inter-examiner kappa equal to 0.86. The included studies were of biological treatment (n = 27), physicochemical processes (n = 12), advanced purification processes (n = 16), membrane-based technologies (n = 15), and green technologies (n = 13). This comprehensive review showed that the advanced membrane-based techniques are effective in the removal of pollutants from ORE for several reasons, such as reducing the consumption of chemicals, high efficiency, and ease of setup and maintenance. However, combined methods with a focus on membrane-based processes (e.g. UF-RO) are the most promising options for the reclamation of ORE. Since some effluent treatment methods require the use of chemicals and energy to run, future research should focus on environmentally friendly methods and the use of renewable energy.

VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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